V

هذا المقال هو عن the letter of the Latin alphabet. إذا كنت تريد the lowercase letter of the Greek alphabet، انظر Nu (letter). إذا كنت تريد other uses، انظر V (توضيح).

V
V v
الاستخدام
نظام الكتابة	Latin script
النوع	Alphabetic and logographic
لغة المنشأ	Latin language
القيم الصوتية	[v] [w] [β̞] [f] [b] [u] [ə] [ə̃] [y] [ʋ] [ɯ] [ɤ]
في اليونيكود	U+0056, U+0076
الموقع الأبجدي	22
التاريخ
التطور	Υ υ 𐌖 U V v
الفترة الزمنية	ح. 700 BCE to present
السلالة	• U  • W  • ∨  • ℣  • Ꮴ  • Ꮙ  • Ꮩ
الشقيقات	F Ѵ У Ў Ұ Ү Ꝩ ו و ܘ וּ וֹ ࠅ 𐎆 𐡅 ወ વ ૂ ુ उ
مكافئات الترجمة الحرفية	Y, U, W
أخرى
الرسوم المقترنة	v(x)

V أو v, is the twenty-second letter of the Latin alphabet, used in the modern English alphabet, the alphabets of other western European languages and others worldwide. Its name in English is vee (pronounced /ˈviː/ ( استمع)), plural vees. الحرف الثاني والعشرون من الأبجدية اللاتينية. ليس هناك حرف مقابل للحرف V في اللغة العربية، ولكنه قد يعرب ف أو ڤ.

 الاسم

• قطلان: ve [ˈve]; in dialects that merge /v/ and /b/, the letter is called ve baixa [ˈbe ˈbaʃə] (حرفياً 'low B').
• تشيكية: vé [ˈvɛː]
• فرنسية: vé [ˈve]
• ألمانية: Vau [ˈfaʊ]
• إيطالية: vi [ˈvi] or vu [ˈvu]
• Japanese: قالب:Vr is called a variety of names that approximate its English name, most commonly ブイ [bɯi] or [bui]; still, less nativized variants, violating to an extent Japanese phonotactics, such as ヴィー [viː], ヴイ [vɯi] or [vui], and ヴィ [vi], are also used. The phoneme /v/ in Japanese is used properly only in loanwords, where the preference for either /v/ or /b/ depends on many factors; in general, words that are perceived to be in common use tend toward /b/.
• پولندية: fał [ˈfaw]; ⟨v⟩ is not used in native vocabulary, where the /v/ sound is instead represented by ⟨w⟩.
• برتغالية: vê [ˈve]
• إسپانية: uve [ˈuβe] is recommended by the RAE, but ve [ˈbe] is traditional. If قالب:Vr is referred to using the latter, it would have the same pronunciation as the letter قالب:Vr (that is, [ˈbe] in pausa or after a nasal consonant and [ˈβe] elsewhere). Thus, further terms are needed to distinguish ve from be, and to that end, ⟨v⟩ has been called ve corta, ve baja, ve pequeña, ve chica and ve labiodental, among others.

 التاريخ

Proto-Sinaitic	Phoenician Waw	Western Greek Upsilon	Latin V

The letter قالب:Vr ultimately comes from the Phoenician letter waw by way of قالب:Vr.

During the Late Middle Ages, two minuscule glyphs of U developed which were both used for sounds including /u/ and modern /v/. The pointed form قالب:Vr was written at the beginning of a word, while a rounded form قالب:Vr was used in the middle or end, regardless of sound. So whereas valour and excuse appeared as in modern printing, have and upon were printed as "haue" and "vpon". The first distinction between the letters قالب:Vr and قالب:Vr is recorded in a Gothic script from 1386, where قالب:Vr preceded قالب:Vr. By the mid-16th century, the قالب:Vr form was used to represent the consonant and قالب:Vr the vowel sound, giving us the modern letter قالب:Vr. قالب:Vr and قالب:Vr were not accepted as distinct letters until many years later. The rounded variant became the modern-day version of قالب:Vr, and the letter's former pointed form became قالب:Vr.

 الاستخدام في الأنظمة المكتوبة

Pronunciation of ⟨v⟩ by language

Orthography	Phonemes
Catalan	/v/ or /b/
Cherokee romanization	/ə̃/
Standard Chinese (substitute for قالب:Vr in Pinyin)	/y/
Choctaw (substitute for ⟨ʋ⟩)	/ə/
Dutch	/v/ or /f/
English	/v/
Esperanto	/v/
French	/v/
Galician	/b/
German	/f/, /v/
Indonesian	/f/
Italian	/v/
Irish	/w/, /vʲ/
Malay	/v/
Muscogee	/ə/ ~ /a/
Old Norse	/w/
Portuguese	/v/ or /b/
Spanish	/b/
Turkish	/v/

 الإنجليزية

In English, قالب:Vr represents a voiced labiodental fricative.

Special rules of orthography normally apply to the letter قالب:Vr:

• Traditionally, قالب:Vr is not doubled to indicate a short vowel, the way, for example, قالب:Vr is doubled to indicate the difference between super and supper. However, that is changing with newly coined words, such as savvy, divvy up and skivvies.
• A word-final /v/ sound (except in of) is normally spelled -قالب:Vr, regardless of the pronunciation of the vowel before it. This rule does not apply to transliterations of Slavic and Hebrew words, such as Kyiv (Kiev), or to words that started out as abbreviations, such as sov for sovereign.
• The /ʌ/ sound is spelled قالب:Vr, not قالب:Vr, before the letter قالب:Vr. This originated with a mediaeval scribal practice designed to increase legibility by avoiding too many vertical strokes (minims) in a row.

Like قالب:Vr, قالب:Vr, قالب:Vr, قالب:Vr and قالب:Vr, قالب:Vr is not used very frequently in English. It is the sixth least frequently used letter in the English language, occurring in roughly 1% of words. قالب:Vr is the only letter that cannot be used to form an English two-letter word in the British and Australian versions of the game of Scrabble. It is one of only two letters (the other being قالب:Vr) that cannot be used this way in the American version. قالب:Vr is also the only letter in the English language that is never silent.

 اللغات الرومانسية

The letter represents /v/ in several Romance languages, but in others it represents the same sound as قالب:Vr, i.e. /b/, due to a process known as betacism. Betacism occurs in most dialects of Spanish, in some dialects of Catalan and Portuguese, as well as in Aragonese, Asturleonese and Galician.

In Spanish, the phoneme has two main allophones; in most environments, it is pronounced [β̞], but after a pause or a nasal it is typically [b]. See Allophones of /b d g/ in Spanish phonology for a more thorough discussion.

In Corsican, قالب:Vr represents [b], [v], [β] or [w], depending on the position in the word and the sentence.

 اللغات الأخرى

Late Renaissance or early Baroque design of قالب:Vr, from 1627

In most languages that use the Latin alphabet, قالب:Vr represents a voiced bilabial or labiodental sound.

In contemporary German, it represents /v/ in most loanwords, while in native German words, it always represents /f/.

In standard Dutch, it traditionally represents /v/, but in many regions, it represents /f/ in some or all positions.

In the Latinization of the Cherokee syllabary, قالب:Vr represents a nasalized schwa, /ə̃/.

In Chinese pinyin, while v is not used, the letter قالب:Vr is used by most input methods to enter the letter قالب:Vr, which most keyboards lack (romanized-input Chinese is a popular method to enter Chinese text). Informal romanizations of Mandarin Chinese use قالب:Vr as a substitute for the close front rounded vowel /y/, properly written قالب:Vr in both pinyin and Wade–Giles.

 أنظمة أخرى

In the International Phonetic Alphabet, ⟨v⟩ represents the voiced labiodental fricative.

 استخدامات أخرى

• V is used to represent the Roman numeral 5.
• V is the symbol for vanadium. It is number 23 on the periodic table. Emerald derives its green coloring from either vanadium or chromium.
• v, v., and vs can also be used as an abbreviation for the word versus when between two or more competing items (e.g. Brown v. Board of Education).
• في الكيمياء يرمز V لعنصر الفاناديوم.
• يرمز الحرف V للنصر (من كلمة Victory بالإنكليزية).
• يرمز الحرف V لرقم 5 في الترقيم الرومانية

 حروف ذات صلة

 النسل والحروف ذات الصلة في الأبجدية اللاتينية

• U u : Latin letter قالب:Vr, originally the same letter as قالب:Vr
• W w : Latin letter قالب:Vr, descended from قالب:Vr
• Ỽ ỽ : [[Ỽ|Middle Welsh قالب:Vr]]
• قالب:Vr with diacritics: Ṽ ṽ Ṿ ṿ Ʋ ʋ ᶌ
• IPA-specific symbols related to قالب:Vr: ⱱ ʋ
• ᶹ [ك‍] : Modifier letter small قالب:Vr with hook is used in phonetic transcription
• 𐞰 [ك‍] : Modifier letter small قالب:Vr with right hook is a superscript IPA letter
• Ʌ ʌ ᶺ: [[Turned v|Turned قالب:Vr]]
• ⱴ : [[V with curl|قالب:Vr with curl]]
• Uralic Phonetic Alphabet-specific symbols related to قالب:Vr:
  • U+1D20 ᴠ latin letter small capital v
  • U+1D5B ᵛ modifier letter small v
  • U+1D65 ᵥ latin subscript small letter v
  • U+2C7D ⱽ modifier letter capital v

Ancient Corinthian vase depicting Perseus, Andromeda and Ketos. The inscriptions denoting the depicted persons are written in an archaic form of the Greek alphabet. Perseus (classical ΠΕΡΣΕΥΣ) is inscribed as قالب:Vr (from right to left), using قالب:Vr to represent the vowel [u]. San (قالب:Vr) is used instead of Sigma (قالب:Vr).

 Ancestors and siblings in other alphabets

• 𐤅: Semitic letter Waw, from which the following symbols originally derive:
  • Υ υ : Greek letter Upsilon, from which قالب:Vr derives
    • Y y : Latin letter قالب:Vr, which, like قالب:Vr, also derives from Upsilon (but was taken into the alphabet at a later date)
    • Ѵ ѵ : Cyrillic letter izhitsa, also descended from Upsilon
    • У у : Cyrillic letter قالب:Vr, also descended from Upsilon via the digraph of omicron and upsilon
      • Ү ү : Cyrillic letter قالب:Vr, descended from قالب:Vr and izhitsa, is used in the scripts for languages in the former Soviet Union and currently the Russian Federation, as well as in Mongolian. Most commonly, it represents /y/ or /ʏ/.

 Ligatures and abbreviations

• ℣ : Versicle sign
• Ꝟ ꝟ : Forms of قالب:Vr were used for medieval scribal abbreviations

 Other representations

 Computing

الحرف	V		v		Ｖ		ｖ
Unicode name	LATIN CAPITAL LETTER V		LATIN SMALL LETTER V		FULLWIDTH LATIN CAPITAL LETTER V		FULLWIDTH LATIN SMALL LETTER V
Encodings	decimal	hex	decimal	hex	decimal	hex	decimal	hex
يونيكود	86	U+0056	118	U+0076	65334	U+FF36	65366	U+FF56
UTF-8	86	56	118	76	239 188 182	EF BC B6	239 189 150	EF BD 96
Numeric character reference	V	V	v	v	Ｖ	Ｖ	ｖ	ｖ
EBCDIC family	229	E5	165	A5
ASCII	86	56	118	76

 Other

نطق الناتو	رمز مورس
Victor	···–

العلم الدولي	سيمافور العلم	Braille dots-1236

 وصلات خارجية

• وسائط متعلقة بـV من مشاع المعرفة.
• The Wiktionary definition of V
• The Wiktionary definition of v

[[Image:Latin_alphabet_{{{كبير}}}{{{صغير}}}.png|center|{{{كبير}}}]]

أبجدية لاتينية Aa Bb Cc Dd Ee Ff Gg Hh Ii Jj Kk Ll Mm Nn Oo Pp Qq Rr Ss Tt Uu Vv Ww Xx Yy Zz