اسم حورس: Khasekhem Ḫꜥj-sḫm Horus, he whose power appears
Second Horus name: Khasekhemwy Ḫꜥj-sḫm.wj Horus, he whose two powers appear
Horus-Seth-name Hor-Seth Khasekhemwy (Ḥr -Stẖ) ḫꜥj sḫm.wj He whose two powers appear
Full Horus-Seth-name Hor-Seth Khasekhemwy Netjerwy Hetepimef (Ḥr -Stẖ) ḫꜥj sḫm.wj ḫtp nṯrwj jm=f He whose two powers appear, The two powers are at peace within him
اسم نبتي: Khasekhem Nb.tj-ḫꜥj-sḫm He whose power appears
اسم نبتي الثاني: Khasekhemwy Nebwkhetsen Nb.tj-ḫꜥj-sḫm.wj-nbw-ḫt-sn He whose two powers appear, their bodies are of gold
خع سخم وى Khasekhemwy (ت. 2686 ق.م.; أحيانا يـُكتب خع سخم اويْ Khasekhemui) كان خامس وآخر فرعون في الأسرة المصرية الثانية. قليل هو المعروف عن خع سخم وى, عدا أنه قاد العديد من الحملات الحربية الهامة وشيّد حصناً من الطوب الآجر (شونة الزبيب) وبنى العديد من التماثيل، ما زالت باقية، تُذكِر بالحرب ضد الشماليين.
اسمه الحورسيḪꜥj-sḫm.wj يمكن تفسيره "The Two Powerful Ones Appear",[3] but the name is recorded in many variants, such as Ḥr-Ḫꜥj-sḫm (Horus, he whose power appears), ḫꜥj sḫm.wj ḥtp nṯrwj jm=f (the two powers appear in that the ancestors rest within him) (etc.)[4][أ] He is also known under his later traditionedbirth nameBebti (which is also one of the names of the god Horus) and under his Hellenized name Cheneres (by Manetho; derived from Khasekhemwy).
تاريخ الحكم
Khasekhemwy ruled for close to 18 years, with a floruit in the early 27th century BC. The exact date of his reign in Egyptian chronology is unclear but would fall roughly in between 2690–2670 BC.
According to Toby Wilkinson's study of the Palermo Stone in Royal Annals of Ancient Egypt, this near contemporary 5th dynasty document assigns Khasekhemwy a reign of 17.5 or nearly 18 full years.[5] Wilkinson suggests that a reign of 18 "complete or partial years" can be attributed to Khasekhemwy since the Palermo Stone and its associated fragments record Years 3-6 and Years 12-18 of this king and notes that his final year is recorded in the preserved section of the document.[6]
Since the cattle count is shown to be regularly biennial during the second dynasty from the Palermo Stone (the year of the 6th, 7th and 8th count is preserved on the document plus full years after these counts respectively), a figure of c. 18 years is likely correct for Khasekhemwy. (or c. 18 years 2 months and 23 days from the main fragment of the Palermo Stone)
سادت خلال فترة حكم خع سخم وى، حالة من الإستقرار ترجع إلى النص الرسمي الذي كان قد أصدره: "ظهور القوتين اللتين توافق الإلهان وتصالحا من خلالهما "والرسوم الخاصة به. فواجهة قصره الرئيسية تعلوها صورتا "حورسوست" معا "بدلا من صورة الإله "حورس" بمفرده، أو صورة الإله "ست" بمفرده كما فعل الملك "بر إيب سن"). وضع "خع سخموي" حدا للمنازعات السياسية بين اتجاهين: اتخذ الاتجاه الأول من "حورس" رمزا له، في حين اتخذ الاتجاه الثاني من "ست" رمزا له. وقد ساعد إخضاع النوبيين في الجنوب والليبيين في الشمال على إرساء دعائم الوحدة الوطنية. واستتب في عصره الأمن وساد الإنضباط، سواء داخل أراضي مصر أم خارجها. كما قامت الحضارة المصرية بوثبة هائلة في شتى النواحي كما وكيفا، مما جعلها تتعدى العصر "الثيني" لتخطو نحو الدولة القديمة. وفي الواقع فإن تطور التقنيات وتقدمها كان له عظيم الأثر ليس فقط على الصناعات التعدينية - إذ أصبح من الممكن حينذاك صهر التماثيل النحاسية - وإنما أيضا على فن العمارة بصفة خاصة. ولم تعد الأحجار محصورة في استخدامها كمادة مساعدة فقط، بل وجدت من يستعملها في ذلك الحين بدراية ومهارة. ومما يدل على ذلك تلك الغرفة المشيدة من الحجر الجيري الموجودة في مقبرة ذلك الفرعون في أبيدوس، وكذلك الركيزة الدعامية المنحوتة من حجر الجرانيت والمزينة بالنقوش من "هيراكونبوليس Herakonpolis" وهكذا أصبح الطريق ممهدا لعبقرية "إمحوتب".[7]
Khasekhemwy is unique in Egyptian history as having both the symbols of Horus and Seth on his serekh. At the beginning of his reign he adopted the Horus name Khasekhem, "The powerful one has appeared", which clearly showed his allegence to Horus. Later, however, he added the symbol of Seth next to Horus and added the epithet to his royal serekh, ملف:Abydos-Bold-hieroglyph-G7.pngملف:Abydos-Bold-hieroglyph-G7.png /ملف:Abydos-Bold-hieroglyph-R4.pngملف:Abydos-Bold-hieroglyph-Z11.pngملف:Abydos-Bold-hieroglyph-I9.png and accordingly changed his name to the dual form Khasekhemwy, "Two powers have appeared", along with the addition "two lords are at peace with him". ملف:Khasekhemwy Horus-Seth serekh.tif Some Egyptologists believe that this was an attempt to unify the two factions; but after his death, Seth was dropped from the serekh permanently. He was the earliest Egyptian king known to have built statues of himself.[8][9]
Khasekhemwy apparently undertook considerable building projects upon the reunification of Egypt. He built in stone at el-Kab, Hierakonpolis, and Abydos. Khasekhemwy built enclosures at Nekhen, and at Abydos (now known as Shunet ez Zebib) and was buried there in the necropolis at Umm el-Qa'ab. He may also have built the Gisr el-Mudir at Saqqara.
An inscription on a stone vase records him “fighting the northern enemy within Nekheb”. This means that Lower Egypt may have invaded and almost taken the capital of Nekhen.[10]
العائلة
زوجة خع سخم وي كانت الملكة ني ماعت حاپ، mother of the King's Children. They were the parents of Djoser and Djoser's wife Hetephernebti.[11] It is also possible that Khasekhemwy's sons were Sekhemkhet, Sanakhte, and Khaba, the three kings succeeding Djoser.[12][13]ني ماعت حاپ was a northern princess who he titled “King bearing mother”.[10]
He apparently built a unique, as well as huge, tomb at Abydos, the last such royal tomb built in the Umm el-Qa'ab necropolis (Tomb V). The trapezoidal tomb measures some 70 meters (230 ft) in length and is 17 meters (56 ft) wide at its northern end, and 10 meters (33 ft) wide at its southern end. This area was divided into 58 rooms. Prior to some recent discoveries from the 1st dynasty, its central burial chamber was considered the oldest masonry structure in the world, being built of quarried limestone. Despite being entered and looted by ancient tomb robbers, the excavators discovered the king's scepter of gold and sard inside the central burial chamber, as well as several beautifully made small stone pots with gold leaf lid coverings, apparently missed by earlier tomb robbers. In fact, Petrie detailed a number of items removed during the excavations of Amélineau. Other items included flint tools, as well as a variety of copper tools and vessels, stone vessels and pottery vessels filled with grain and fruit. There were also small, glazed objects, carnelian beads, model tools, basketwork and a large quantity of seals.
الذكرى
The second half of the 2nd dynasty, especially starting from the reign of Peribsen, the targeted unification of Egypt under a central administration, the development of the economy, trade and culture, created the conditions for the dynamic onset of the 3rd dynasty. This is evidenced by the constructions that were realised, which in their increasingly massive size determined the development of construction technologies and their logistical support, including the necessary administrative structures associated with it. It was also the development of the craft of producing objects, as evidenced by the objects exhibited in museums, partially preserved from the funerary equipment in the tomb of Khasekhemwy. There is no doubt that his sons Sanakht, Netjerikhet and Khaba had enough inspiring ideas for their own reigns.[14]
The era of Khasekhemwy's rule is therefore, in a historical context, an important phase in the development of Egypt's statehood. Increasing Egyptian involvement in neighbouring areas and the imposition of political control over territory beyond Egypt's borders,[note 1] are important indicators of growing self-confidence. The intensity of Egypt's foreign relations in the Early Dynastic period is a complex mixture of ideology and practical economics, illuminating some of the problems and priorities faced by Egypt's early rulers.[15]
Fragment of an alabaster vessel of Khasekhemwy, from the temple of Horus in Hierakonpolis and discovered by Quibell in 1898, now in the Ashmolean Museum.
Limestone vessel with gold cover from Khasekhemwy's tomb
Flint knife from the tomb of Khasekhemwy, Abydos. British Museum
^Hugo Müller, Die formale Entwicklung der Titulature Ägyptischen Könige, J.J. Augustin, Hamburg 1938, p.26-29[1]
^Grdseloff Bernhard, Jaroslav Černý, Notes d’épigraphie archaïque, in:Annales du Service des Antiquités de l'Égypte, Imprimerie de l'Institut Français d'Archéologie Orientale, Cairo 1944
^Silke Roth: Die Königsmütter des Alten Ägypten von der Frühzeit bis zum Ende der 12. Dynastie (= Ägypten und Altes Testament, vol. 46). Harrassowitz, Wiesbaden 2001, ISBN3-447-04368-7, p. 59-61 & 65–67.
^Toby A. H. Wilkinson: Early Dynastic Egypt. Routledge, London 2001, ISBN0415260116, p. 80 - 82, 94 - 97.
^Miroslav Korecký, Objevy pod pyramidami, Odeon Prague, 1983
^Toby Wilkinson, Early Dynastic Egypt, Random House, New York 1999, p.75-109
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